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MySQL数据导入和导出纯数据的方法有哪些

发布时间:2022-01-11 14:47:08 所属栏目:MySql教程 来源:互联网
导读:小编给大家分享一下MySQL数据导入和导出纯数据的方式有哪些,相信大部分人都还不怎么了解,因此分享这篇文章给大家参考一下,希望大家阅读完这篇文章后大有收获,下面让我们一起去了解一下吧! MySQL的数据导入和导出纯数据的方式,一般采用的是load data
      小编给大家分享一下MySQL数据导入和导出纯数据的方式有哪些,相信大部分人都还不怎么了解,因此分享这篇文章给大家参考一下,希望大家阅读完这篇文章后大有收获,下面让我们一起去了解一下吧!
 
      MySQL的数据导入和导出纯数据的方式,一般采用的是load data file  、mysqlimport  、select into outfile 、>/>>重定向的方式,这里主要介绍load data file和select into outfile 的方式。
 
一、MySQL导入和导出数据:
    1、load data file
    简介:
    The LOAD DATA INFILE statement reads rows from a text file into a table at a very high speed. LOAD DATA INFILE is the complement of SELECT ...INTO OUTFILE.
    官方参考手册:http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/load-data.html
    语法格式:
    LOAD DATA [LOW_PRIORITY | CONCURRENT] [LOCAL] INFILE 'file_name'
        [REPLACE | IGNORE]
        INTO TABLE tbl_name
        [PARTITION (partition_name,...)]
        [CHARACTER SET charset_name]
        [{FIELDS | COLUMNS}
            [TERMINATED BY 'string']
            [[OPTIONALLY] ENCLOSED BY 'char']
            [ESCAPED BY 'char']
        ]
        [LINES
            [STARTING BY 'string']
            [TERMINATED BY 'string']
        ]
        [IGNORE number {LINES | ROWS}]
        [(col_name_or_user_var,...)]
        [SET col_name = expr,...]
    load data file示例:
    1)直接导入文件
       LOAD DATA INFILE 'test_data.txt' INTO TABLE dbtest.t1;
    2)设置列分隔符和行分隔符
       LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE 'test_data.txt' INTO TABLE t1
        FIELDS TERMINATED BY ','
       OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '"'
       LINES TERMINATED BY 'n'
    3)导入到特定的列
       LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE 'test_data.txt' INTO TABLE  t1 (col1,col2,col3);
        参数说明:
    1)local参数
         如果指定了LOCAL,被认为与连接的客户端有关,则文件会被客户主机上的客户端读取,并被发送到服务器。文件会被给予一个完整的路径名称,以指定确切的位置。如果给定的是一个相对的路径名称,则此名称会被理解为相对于启动客户端时所在的目录。
         如果LOCAL没有被指定,则文件必须位于服务器主机上,并且被服务器直接读取。
    当在服务器主机上为文件定位时,服务器使用以下规则:
           如果给定了一个绝对的路径名称,则服务器使用此路径名称。
           如果给定了带有一个或多个引导组件的相对路径名称,则服务器会搜索相对于服务器数据目录的文件。
           如果给定了一个不带引导组件的文件名称,则服务器会在默认数据库的数据库目录中寻找文件。
    注意,这些规则意味着名为./myfile.txt的文件会从服务器数据目录中被读取,而名为myfile.txt的同样的文件会从默认数据库的数据库目录中读取。
    从客户端使用绝对路径load数据:LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE '/import/test_data.txt' INTO TABLE dbtest.t1;
    从服务器里使用相对路径load数据,下面的LOAD DATA语句会从dbtest数据库目录中读取文件test_data.txt,因为db1是当前数据库。即使语句明确把文件载入到db2数据库中的表里,也会从dbtest目录中读取。
    USE dbtest;
    LOAD DATA INFILE 'test_data.txt' INTO TABLE dbtest.t1;
    总而言之:如果指定local关键词,则表明从客户主机读文件。如果local没指定,文件必须位于服务器上。
    2)IGNORE number LINES参数
    IGNORE number LINES选项可以被用于在文件的开始处忽略行。可以使用IGNORE 1 LINES来跳过一个包含列名称的起始标题行:
    LOAD DATA INFILE '/tmp/test.txt'  INTO TABLE test IGNORE 1 LINES;
    3)REPLACE、IGNORE参数
    如果您指定了REPLACE,则输入行会替换原有行(与原有行一样,对一个主索引或唯一索引具有相同值的行)。
    如果您指定IGNORE,则把原有行复制到唯一关键字值的输入行被跳过。
    如果您这两个选项都不指定,则运行情况根据LOCAL关键词是否被指定而定。不使用LOCAL时,当出现重复关键字值时,会发生错误,并且剩下的文本文件被忽略。使用LOCAL时,默认的运行情况和IGNORE被指定时的情况相同;这是因为在运行中间,服务器没有办法中止文件的传输。
    4)FIELDS参数
    指定了文件字段的分割格式,列分隔符参数语法为        
    [{FIELDS | COLUMNS}
            [TERMINATED BY 'string']
            [[OPTIONALLY] ENCLOSED BY 'char']
            [ESCAPED BY 'char']
        ]
    
    terminated by描述字段的分隔符,默认情况下是tab字符(t)
    enclosed by描述的是字段的括起字符,如果您忽略了词语OPTIONALLY,则所有的字段都被包含在ENCLOSED BY字符串中,如果您指定了OPTINALLY,则ENCLOSED BY字符只被用于包含具有字符串数据类型(比如CHAR, BINARY, TEXT或ENUM)的列中的值.
    escaped by描述的转义字符。默认的是反斜杠(backslash: )
    如果您不指定FIELDS子句,则默认值为假设您写下如下语句时的值:
    FIELDS TERMINATED BY 't' ENCLOSED BY '' ESCAPED BY ''
 
    当读取输入值时,默认值会使LOAD DATA INFILE按如下方式运行:
       在新行处寻找行的边界。
       不会跳过任何行前缀。
       在制表符处把行分解为字段。
       不希望字段被包含在任何引号字符之中。
       出现制表符、新行、或在''前有''时,理解为作为字段值一部分的文字字符。
    备注:如果您已经在Windows系统中生成了文本文件,您可能必须使用LINES TERMINATED BY  'rn'来正确地读取文件,因为Windows程序通常使用两个字符作为一个行终止符。部分程序,当编写文件时,可能会使用r作为行终止符。要读取这样的文件,应使用LINES TERMINATED BY 'r'。要写入FIELDS ESCAPED BY  '',您必须为待读取的值指定两个反斜杠,作为一个单反斜杠使用。
    6)LINES参数
    指定了每条记录的分隔符默认为’n’即为换行分隔符,其语法为:
    [LINES
            [STARTING BY 'string']
            [TERMINATED BY 'string']
        ]
    如果您不指定LINES子句,则默认值为假设您写下如下语句时的值:
    LINES TERMINATED BY 'n' STARTING BY ''
    如果所有您希望读入的行都含有一个您希望忽略的共用前缀,则您可以使用'prefix_string'来跳过前缀(和前缀前的字符)。如果某行不包括前缀,则整个行被跳过。注释:prefix_string会出现在一行的中间。
 
    ALTER TABLE...DISABLE KEYS
    ALTER TABLE...ENABLE KEYS
 
    2、select into outfile
    简介:
    官方参考手册:http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/select-into.html
    语法格式:
        SELECT ... INTO var_list     ##selects column values and stores them into variables.
        SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE     ##writes the selected rows to a file. Column and line terminators can be specified to produce a specific output format.
        SELECT ... INTO DUMPFILE     ##writes a single row to a file without any formatting.
 
    select into outfile示例:
      1)SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE 'file_name'
      2)SELECT a,b,a+b INTO OUTFILE '/tmp/result.txt'
          FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '"'
          LINES TERMINATED BY 'n'
          FROM test_table;
      3)select * from t1 into outfile '/tools/databak/dbtest_t1.txt'
        fields TERMINATED BY ','  
        lines TERMINATED BY 'n' ;
    参数说明:(参考load data参数)
    
    3、mysqlimport(不推荐使用)
    mysqlimport是操作系统命令,和load data实现功能相同,具体使用方法如下:
    语法格式:
    mysqlimport  --defaults-file='' --default-character-set=utf8  --columns=id,name --delete --fields-terminated-by='' --fields-enclosed-by='' --fields-optionally-enclosed-by='' --fields-escaped-by='' --force -h -i --ignore-lines --lines-terminated-by='' -L -p -P -S -u  dbname
 
    使用示例:
    mysqlimport  -L -uroot dbtest /tools/databak/t1.txt  --fields-terminated-by=','  --lines-terminated-by='n'
    参数说明:
    mysqlimport --help
    --print-defaults        Print the program argument list and exit.
    --no-defaults           Don't read default options from any option file,
                            except for login file.
    --defaults-file=#       Only read default options from the given file #.
    --defaults-extra-file=# Read this file after the global files are read.
    --defaults-group-suffix=#
                            Also read groups with concat(group, suffix)
    --login-path=#          Read this path from the login file.
      --bind-address=name IP address to bind to.
      --character-sets-dir=name
                          Directory for character set files.
      --default-character-set=name
                          Set the default character set.
      -c, --columns=name  Use only these columns to import the data to. Give the
                          column names in a comma separated list. This is same as
                          giving columns to LOAD DATA INFILE.
      -C, --compress      Use compression in server/client protocol.
      -#, --debug[=name]  Output debug log. Often this is 'd:t:o,filename'.
      --debug-check       Check memory and open file usage at exit.
      --debug-info        Print some debug info at exit.
      --default-auth=name Default authentication client-side plugin to use.
      -d, --delete        First delete all rows from table.
      --enable-cleartext-plugin
                          Enable/disable the clear text authentication plugin.
      --fields-terminated-by=name
                          Fields in the input file are terminated by the given
                          string.
      --fields-enclosed-by=name
                          Fields in the import file are enclosed by the given
                          character.
      --fields-optionally-enclosed-by=name
                          Fields in the input file are optionally enclosed by the
                          given character.
      --fields-escaped-by=name
                          Fields in the input file are escaped by the given
                          character.
      -f, --force         Continue even if we get an SQL error.
      -?, --help          Displays this help and exits.
      -h, --host=name     Connect to host.
      -i, --ignore        If duplicate unique key was found, keep old row.
      --ignore-lines=#    Ignore first n lines of data infile.
      --lines-terminated-by=name
                          Lines in the input file are terminated by the given
                          string.
      -L, --local         Read all files through the client.
      -l, --lock-tables   Lock all tables for write (this disables threads).
      --low-priority      Use LOW_PRIORITY when updating the table.
      -p, --password[=name]
                          Password to use when connecting to server. If password is
                          not given it's asked from the tty.
      --plugin-dir=name   Directory for client-side plugins.
      -P, --port=#        Port number to use for connection or 0 for default to, in
                          order of preference, my.cnf, $MYSQL_TCP_PORT,
                          /etc/services, built-in default (3306).
      --protocol=name     The protocol to use for connection (tcp, socket, pipe,
                          memory).
      -r, --replace       If duplicate unique key was found, replace old row.
      --secure-auth       Refuse client connecting to server if it uses old
                          (pre-4.1.1) protocol.
                          (Defaults to on; use --skip-secure-auth to disable.)
      -s, --silent        Be more silent.
      -S, --socket=name   The socket file to use for connection.
      --ssl               Enable SSL for connection (automatically enabled with
                          other flags).
      --ssl-ca=name       CA file in PEM format (check OpenSSL docs, implies
                          --ssl).
      --ssl-capath=name   CA directory (check OpenSSL docs, implies --ssl).
      --ssl-cert=name     X509 cert in PEM format (implies --ssl).
      --ssl-cipher=name   SSL cipher to use (implies --ssl).
      --ssl-key=name      X509 key in PEM format (implies --ssl).
      --ssl-crl=name      Certificate revocation list (implies --ssl).
      --ssl-crlpath=name  Certificate revocation list path (implies --ssl).
      --ssl-verify-server-cert
                          Verify server's "Common Name" in its cert against
                          hostname used when connecting. This option is disabled by
                          default.
      --ssl-mode=name     SSL connection mode.
      --use-threads=#     Load files in parallel. The argument is the number of
                          threads to use for loading data.
      -u, --user=name     User for login if not current user.
      -v, --verbose       Print info about the various stages.
      -V, --version       Output version information and exit.
 
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